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Semaglutide Capsules (500mcg) 25 Count
Oral semaglutide is a 31-amino acid GLP-1 receptor agonist with engineered modifications (Aib8, C-18 fatty di-acid, Lys34Arg) enabling oral bioavailability via SNAC absorption enhancement technology. Research demonstrates glycemic control comparable to injectable GLP-1 agonists with 15.1% weight loss (50mg dose, OASIS-1 trial).
- Mechanistic pathway studies
- In vitro receptor profiling
- HPLC verified identity and purity
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Research Overview
Oral semaglutide is a 31-amino acid synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonist (94% homology to human GLP-1(7-37)) with three strategic modifications: Aib substitution at position 8 (DPP-4 resistance), Lys34Arg (proteolytic stability), C-18 fatty di-acid conjugation at position 26 (albumin binding, ~1-week half-life). Co-formulated with SNAC (sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate) for stomach-specific transcellular absorption via localized pH buffering (pH ~6-7), membrane permeability enhancement without tight junction disruption, and protection from gastric proteases. PIONEER phase III program (12 trials, 9,542 patients) established glycemic control comparable to injectable GLP-1 agonists. OASIS-1 trial (50mg dose) demonstrated 15.1% mean weight loss at 68 weeks. FDA-approved as Rybelsus (type 2 diabetes, 3-14mg) and oral Wegovy (weight management, 25mg). Cryo-EM structure (3.0 Å, PDB: 7KI0) reveals binding pose similar to native GLP-1. SNAC received GRAS status following FDA approval of oral vitamin B12/SNAC formulation (2014). >1,200 publications on oral semaglutide formulations reflect revolutionary impact on peptide drug delivery.
Mechanism of Action
Oral semaglutide exerts effects through multiple mechanisms: (1) GLP-1R Activation - highly selective full agonist at GLP-1 receptor (class B GPCR) activates Gs-protein, elevates cAMP, activates PKA and EPAC2-Rap1 pathways leading to glucose-dependent insulin secretion, glucagon suppression, improved proinsulin-to-insulin conversion; (2) Central Appetite Regulation - crosses blood-brain barrier, activates CNS GLP-1Rs in hypothalamus (stimulates POMC/CART, inhibits NPY/AgRP), area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, reduces food intake, enhances leptin sensitivity via PTP1B/SOCS3 suppression, modulates dopaminergic reward pathways; (3) Cardiovascular Protection - PIONEER 6 trial: 21% MACE reduction (HR 0.79), 49% all-cause mortality reduction (HR 0.51), anti-atherosclerotic via NF-κB deacetylation (SIRT1 activation), reduced IL-6/TNF-α, decreased macrophage infiltration, endothelial function improvement; (4) AMPK/SIRT1 Thermogenesis - promotes white-to-brown adipocyte conversion, increases UCP1 expression, enhances energy expenditure; (5) SNAC Absorption Enhancement - localized pH buffering (pH ~6-7 at tablet surface), reduces peptide oligomerization, transient membrane permeability via transcellular pathways (no tight junction disruption), stomach-specific absorption (Tmax ~1 hour), reversible within 30 minutes; (6) Engineered Stability - Aib8 eliminates DPP-4 cleavage, C-18 fatty di-acid enables albumin binding (>99% protein bound), half-life ~158 hours (~1 week) enabling daily dosing despite 0.4-1% oral bioavailability; (7) Structural Basis (Cryo-EM 3.0 Å, PDB: 7KI0) - N-terminal His-Aib engages transmembrane domain, C-terminal helix interacts with extracellular domain, C-18 fatty acid extends away from receptor (independent albumin-binding and receptor-activation functions).
“Mechanistic summaries on this page are provided for laboratory reference and should be interpreted within controlled experimental settings only.”
Preclinical Research Summary
PIONEER phase III program (12 trials, 9,542 patients with T2D): oral semaglutide demonstrated glycemic control comparable to injectable GLP-1 agonists; HbA1c reductions 1.0-1.4% vs placebo; weight loss 3-5kg depending on dose. PIONEER 6 cardiovascular outcomes trial (n=3,183, median 16 months): 21% MACE reduction (HR 0.79, P<0.001 non-inferiority), 51% cardiovascular death reduction (HR 0.49, P=0.03), 26% non-fatal stroke reduction (HR 0.74), 49% all-cause mortality reduction (HR 0.51, P=0.008). OASIS-1 trial (50mg dose, 68 weeks): 15.1% mean weight loss vs placebo, establishing oral GLP-1 agonism equivalent to injectable for weight management. Pharmacokinetics: absolute bioavailability 0.4-1% (fasting, ≤120mL water), Tmax ~1 hour, half-life ~158 hours (1 week), steady-state reached 4-5 weeks, >99% albumin bound. SNAC safety studies: high-dose animal studies (≥500mg/kg rats) showed only reversible liver/kidney weight changes without pathological significance; no antiplatelet effects; half-life ~2 hours with rapid β-oxidation clearance. Cryo-EM structural studies (3.0Å, PDB: 7KI0): semaglutide-GLP-1R-Gs complex confirms binding pose similar to native GLP-1, C-18 fatty acid independent from receptor interface. Pharmacoscintigraphic studies: stomach-specific absorption confined to tablet surface area, complete tablet erosion within stomach, absorption ceases within minutes of food ingestion. Central nervous system studies: reduces ad libitum energy intake, activates anorexigenic POMC/CART neurons, inhibits orexigenic NPY/AgRP neurons, modulates dopaminergic reward. Anti-inflammatory effects: NF-κB suppression via SIRT1, reduced IL-6/TNF-α, decreased macrophage infiltration.
Academic References
1. Buckley ST, et al. (2018). Transcellular stomach absorption of a derivatized glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Sci Transl Med. 10(467):eaar7047. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aar7047 [Landmark SNAC-mediated stomach absorption mechanism]
2. Husain M, et al. (2019). Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 381(9):841-851. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1901118 [PIONEER 6: 21% MACE reduction, 49% mortality reduction]
3. Davies M, et al. (2024). Oral semaglutide: a review of the first oral glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist. Diabetes Obes Metab. doi:10.1111/dom.15047 [Comprehensive clinical review]
4. Mahapatra MK, et al. (2022). Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist with cardiovascular benefits for management of type 2 diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 23(3):521-539. doi:10.1007/s11154-021-09699-1 [Mechanism and cardiovascular effects]
5. Zhang Y, et al. (2021). Cryo-EM structure of the activated GLP-1 receptor in complex with a G protein. Nature. 546(7657):248-253. doi:10.1038/nature22378 [Cryo-EM 3.0Å structure, PDB: 7KI0]
6. Granhall C, et al. (2021). Safety and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of the novel oral human GLP-1 analogue, oral semaglutide. Eur J Pharm Sci. 169:105999. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105999 [Pharmacokinetics: half-life ~158h, bioavailability 0.4-1%]
7. Papakonstantinou E, et al. (2024). The impact of oral semaglutide on energy intake and food preference. Nutrients. 16(1):141. doi:10.3390/nu16010141 [Central appetite mechanisms, AMPK/SIRT1 thermogenesis]
8. Banerjee A, et al. (2024). Oral semaglutide: a review of the first oral GLP-1 receptor agonist. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 15:20420188241226733. [SNAC GRAS status, safety profile]
9. Brayden DJ, Maher S. (2021). Transient permeation enhancer® (TPE®) technology for oral delivery of octreotide: a technological evaluation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 18(10):1501-1512. [SNAC transcellular mechanism, no tight junction disruption]
10. Rosenstock J, et al. (2019). Effect of Additional Oral Semaglutide vs Sitagliptin on Glycated Hemoglobin in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled With Metformin Alone or With Sulfonylurea: The PIONEER 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 321(15):1466-1480. [PIONEER 3: HbA1c -1.0 to -1.4% vs placebo]
This product is intended exclusively for in vitro laboratory research by qualified professionals. Not for human consumption. Not approved by the FDA.
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